Before John Doe can be granted access to protected information it will be necessary to verify that the person claiming to be John Doe really is John Doe. It deals with issues such as securing the edge of the network; the data transport mechanisms, such as switches and routers; and those pieces of technology that provide protection for data as it moves between computing nodes. [18][19] Sensitive information was marked up to indicate that it should be protected and transported by trusted persons, guarded and stored in a secure environment or strong box. Information Security is basically the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. As such, the sender may repudiate the message (because authenticity and integrity are pre-requisites for non-repudiation). SASE and zero trust are hot infosec topics. Authentication is the act of verifying a claim of identity. That’s where authentication comes in. If a person makes the statement "Hello, my name is John Doe" they are making a claim of who they are. These include both managerial and technical controls (e.g., log records should be stored for two years). The bank teller checks the license to make sure it has John Doe printed on it and compares the photograph on the license against the person claiming to be John Doe. The currently relevant set of security goals may include: Information and information resource security using telecommunication system or devices means protecting information, information systems or books from unauthorized access, damage, theft, or destruction (Kurose and Ross, 2010). Selecting and implementing proper security controls will initially help an organization bring down risk to acceptable levels. This happens when employees' job duties change, employees are promoted to a new position, or employees are transferred to another department. (2008). The foundation on which access control mechanisms are built start with identification and authentication. IT security governance should not be confused with IT security management. A vulnerability is a weakness that could be used to endanger or cause harm to an informational asset. ISO/IEC 27001 has defined controls in different areas. Information security (IS) is designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer system data from those with malicious intentions. Information-theoretic security is a cryptosystem whose security derives purely from information theory; the system cannot be broken even if the adversary has unlimited computing power. This is largely achieved through a structured risk management process that involves: To standardize this discipline, academics and professionals collaborate to offer guidance, policies, and industry standards on password, antivirus software, firewall, encryption software, legal liability, security awareness and training, and so forth. The BCM should be included in an organizations risk analysis plan to ensure that all of the necessary business functions have what they need to keep going in the event of any type of threat to any business function. The History of Information Security. This is where network security comes in. Information Security courses from top universities and industry leaders. As postal services expanded, governments created official organizations to intercept, decipher, read and reseal letters (e.g., the U.K.'s Secret Office, founded in 1653[20]). A set of security goals, identified as a result of a threat analysis, should be revised periodically to ensure its adequacy and conformance with the evolving environment. Most people have experienced software attacks of some sort. The availability of smaller, more powerful, and less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within the reach of small business and home users. Second, the choice of countermeasures (controls) used to manage risks must strike a balance between productivity, cost, effectiveness of the countermeasure, and the value of the informational asset being protected. knowledge). Skills need to be used by this team would be, penetration testing, computer forensics, network security, etc. Broadly speaking, risk is the likelihood that something bad will happen that causes harm to an informational asset (or the loss of the asset). engineering IT systems and processes for high availability, avoiding or preventing situations that might interrupt the business), incident and emergency management (e.g., evacuating premises, calling the emergency services, triage/situation assessment and invoking recovery plans), recovery (e.g., rebuilding) and contingency management (generic capabilities to deal positively with whatever occurs using whatever resources are available); Implementation, e.g., configuring and scheduling backups, data transfers, etc., duplicating and strengthening critical elements; contracting with service and equipment suppliers; Testing, e.g., business continuity exercises of various types, costs and assurance levels; Management, e.g., defining strategies, setting objectives and goals; planning and directing the work; allocating funds, people and other resources; prioritization relative to other activities; team building, leadership, control, motivation and coordination with other business functions and activities (e.g., IT, facilities, human resources, risk management, information risk and security, operations); monitoring the situation, checking and updating the arrangements when things change; maturing the approach through continuous improvement, learning and appropriate investment; Assurance, e.g., testing against specified requirements; measuring, analyzing and reporting key parameters; conducting additional tests, reviews and audits for greater confidence that the arrangements will go to plan if invoked. 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