Operating costs are projected to keep falling as the price of renewable power continues to drop. Without the crop yield made possible by ammonia-based fertilizers and chemicals, the global population would be at least two to three billion less than it is today (3). %���� Natural gas is the key cost driver for the ammonia industry as, depending on its price, it makes up approximately 70-85% of the ammonia production costs (see Figure 5). Since the actual price of CO2-free ammonia available to Japanese users will be determined by negotiations between buyers and sellers, there is little point in discussing the individual cost estimates in more detail. It was based on the following cases and assumptions: The analysis shows that if CO2-free ammonia can be sold at prices between $276 per tonne-NH3 (for Saudi Arabia) or $300 per tonne-NH3 (for the other locations), the business will be profitable on the production side. The cost of transporting CO2-free ammonia to Japan and then to its point of use within the country needs to be added to the cost of production. The cost of this CO2-free ammonia after logistics costs were taken into account was estimated by the IEEJ at $320 per tonne-NH3, or about $340 per tonne-NH3 according to the IEA’s estimated production cost of CO2-free NH3 including the cost of delivery to Japan as estimated by IEEJ. There are numerous large-scale ammonia production plants worldwide, producing a total of 144 million tonnes of nitrogen (equivalent to 175 million tonnes of ammonia) in 2016. High pressures cost a lot to produce and maintain. Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon. In the UK, Siemens’ pilot plant demonstration produces 30 kilograms of ammonia per day, powered by wind energy fed to a water electrolyser (sie.ag/39XlY07). If the pressure used is too high, the cost of generating it exceeds the price you can get for the extra ammonia produced. By Robert F. Service Jul. (Here, the cost of CO2-free ammonia is indicated as the calorific-equivalent hydrogen cost ($ per kg-H2)). Decades of price information is already available (at a cost) for a range of regional ammonia trading hubs, most importantly Tampa in Florida, and Yuzhnyy in Ukraine. Second, until around the year 2030, the cost of CO2-free ammonia from a combination of natural gas and CCS will be considerably cheaper than that of renewable hydrogen. At a cost of $665 million, the natural gas plant would cost slightly more than $1,600 per ton of annual capacity. @��h���14(�ݹ��K��1��������I�4?���< qOK���8�!��I*� z,��E�S�2�1�^����+�U�s����|�WdDz��H�8��6���K.�?onWgǬ��֙-3��7Mkl�����������R^VZR\TX���H��SB�~��d4�4j�R!���QFm��'���"���L�BD︈�� D�ML���&�L@�eg�LД�є�(G���P��tM(0��v��&��;#�f�1��@0Wj�+j}�'P�W�u��ڞȯ_��U/Ugf�~��X_jh}?N��"�RkK�a�֑������%}3[;kk��ż���} High pressures cost a lot to produce and maintain. 12, 2018 , 2:00 PM. NH3) is one of the most produced synthetic chemicals, manufactured in more than 80 countries. Ammonia plants built close to EOR fields can sell their waste CO. 2. to be sequestered in oil fields after use. The validity of this cost estimate is supported by another IEA analysis. The renewable energy production profile determines the size and the rate of the ammonia synthesis plant. Two conclusions can be derived from these analyses. Naphtha/natural gas (steam reforming of light hydrocarbons) Coal, petroleum coke, petroleum resids (partial oxidation of carbon source) 1 price 5 fertilizers-food ammonia 1 5 114 Ammonia (a.k.a. Naphtha/natural gas (steam reforming of light hydrocarbons) Coal, petroleum coke, petroleum resids (partial oxidation of carbon source) 1 price 5 fertilizers-food ammonia 1 5 114 Ammonia (a.k.a. Roughly speaking, this represents a … The energy efficiency of ammonia production using a natural gas feedstock in particular has almost reached the theoretical limit. Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon. These are the facts, which make renewable energy interesting, not only for power, but also for other appli - cations such as fertilizer production. Moreover, ammonia cost could even almost reach the level of 20 yen/Nm3-H2, which is the target for 2050. ), which varies with location and age of the plant’s facilities (and often other factors), must be added to the variable cost. Ammonia from sustainable and renewable feedstocks Modern ammonia production based on natural gas (NG) or coal has been opti-mised over more than 80 years. In 1983, on the occasion of the 75th anniversa… The United States is one of the world’s leading producers and consumers of ammonia. There is a global drive to demonstrate green ammonia plants and, thereby, to begin developing a market for green ammonia. There are two ways to produce CO2-free ammonia: (a) ammonia produced using natural gas feedstock with the CO2 generated in the production process removed by CCS/EOR; and (b) ammonia produced from renewable hydrogen. declining energy cost. If membrane costs are kept constant, the cost … >> Ammonia production has become one of the most important industries in the world. In Japan, a green ammonia pilot plant began operations in Fukushima in April 2018. Despite these economic concerns, the process engineering team has concluded that a carbon-free ammonia production … /Length1 38548 Natural gas and OTEC also provided low costs of less than 689 $/t, or a gasoline equivalent of 4.51 $/gal. (Note that we are discussing the cost of CO2-free ammonia before it is reconverted to hydrogen because CO2-free ammonia can be used as a fuel as it is, without reconversion to hydrogen). Ammonia production has become one of the most important industries in the world. From a social acceptance perspective, most people would immediately associate ammonia with its awful smell, which links to a perception of high toxicity. 13 As discussed in more detail in the Intermittency section below, the impact of this capital cost indicates that it could add significantly to the capital intensity of ammonia production. ammonia could be produced for about $350/t. Thus, the pre-shipment cost of ammonia produced in overseas regions where the cost of natural gas is around $3.00 per MMBtu can be estimated at around $200 per tonne-NH3. These costs accounted for 11% and 15% of the overall ammonia costs in Europe and Ukraine, respectively, although hourly rates are … The production cost consists of three main components, namely capital expenditure (Capex), operating and maintenance (O&M), and feedstock. ;�{{�+�Z;���}�PM �+�;�K�����}�. To maintain a competitive posit ion against US imports the gas price for a new Australian facility would have to be in the region of $3/GJ or below. The figure below shows the IEA’s cost estimate for importing hydrogen energy in the form of CO2-free ammonia from Australia and the Middle East to Japan, and from Russia to the EU. Because the Haber-Bosch technology has been so stable across the decades, and because regional feedstocks are so ubiquitous (natural gas in the US, coal in China), the production cost structure of ammonia is very well understood. According to the new market research report published by MarketsandMarkets™, the Green Ammonia Market size will grow to USD 852 million by 2030 from USD 11 million in 2020, at a CAGR of 54.9% during 2020 to 2030. ECONOMICS OF AMMONIA FROM NATURAL GAS (AMMONIA E21A) It presents the economics of Ammonia production from natural gas in the USA using a process similar to KBR Purifier process. stream The urea price, adjusted for the relative nitrogen content, must reflect a sufficient margin above the ammonia price to cover the cash cost of upgrading the ammonia. The utilization of new technology in ammonia plants has significantly reduced the capital and production costs associated with ammonia manufacture. This chapter describes briefly about hydrogen and current hydrogen production and storage technologies, the cost of hydrogen production from different processes, ammonia and current status of ammonia production followed by a detailed discussion of different ammonia decomposition catalysts. The cost analyses presented in the report Ammonia E21A target a 800 kta (kilometric tons per annun) United States-based plant. Ammonia Production Cost Analysis 2020 Ammonia is an example of a well-known compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. Published November 2009. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today. production. Since slightly more than 1.6 tons of CO2 is emitted per ton of ammonia production[3], the cost of producing CO2-free ammonia by production method (a) can be estimated by adding the cost of CO2 removal to the ammonia production cost. Since CO2 for EOR can be sold at about $20 per tonne-CO2, this would reduce the production cost of CO2-free ammonia by about $35 per tonne-NH3. D. SEDDON China produced 31.9% of the worldwide production, followed by Russia with 8.7%, India with 7.5%, and the United States with 7.1%. The next highest energy consuming process is urea production. • Renewable ammonia production will directly benefit from electrolysis technology and cost improvements in development. This suggests that the IEA estimated the CCS cost of the CO2 emitted from ammonia production at about $50 per tonne-CO2, which increased the cost of ammonia by about $80 per tonne-NH3. International Environment and Economy Institute. However, the reaction needs extreme conditions – pressures of around 20MPa and temperatures of at least 400°C – which requires specialised equipment and a lot of energy. Finally, the issue of CO 2 tax as well as CO 2 emission restrictions need to be considered, which will further A stable binary hydride, as well as the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. Note that the graph puts the cost of producing natural gas-based (non-CO2-free) ammonia at around $220 per tonne-NH3, at a natural gas price of $3.00 per MMBtu (solid gray line). With this approach and technology Proton Ventures can provide customers with small scale ammonia plants, insuring customer’s independence on the transport cost and the NH3 price fluctuations. Background 2. The ammonia produced with this cost structure is of course the conventional variety, with the full greenhouse gas footprint that originates in the carbon embodied in the natural gas feedstock. Such estimations have been made by independent public organizations, both domestic and foreign, as discussed below. [3] IEA, The Future of Hydrogen, June 2019. For the Middle East to Japan, logistics costs are $40 per tonne-NH3; for North America to Japan, $80 per tonne-NH3. This cost includes 50 km of inland transportation cost in Japan. %PDF-1.5 Feedstock comparison in ammonia production Natural Gas Heavy Oil Coal Energy Consumption 1 1.3 1.7 Investment Cost 1 1.4 2.4 Production Cost 1 1.2 1.7 That means that the running costs of your plant are very high. Ammonia Economy, which treats ammonia as an alternative fuel and energy storage mechanism. The compromise. Based on the scale of an ammonia plant and pricing of natural gas, the electricity and feedstock expenditure of natural gas accounts for 72-85 percent of the overall cost of output. • Carbon free ammonia needs to be a significant contributor to the H2@Scale initiative. 200 atmospheres is a compromise pressure chosen on economic grounds. Ammonia more hydrogen dense than hydrogen itself. • Ammonia can play a dual role as both a life sustaining commodity, as well as an efficient energy carrier and fuel. << (2) If the cost of renewable electricity becomes cheaper than about $50 per MWh, the cost of producing CO2-free ammonia from renewable hydrogen may become lower than that from natural gas. Details: 800 kta United States-based plant | Q4 2019 | 108 pages From $1,199. The formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen is mildly exothermic: about 46 kJ/mol for anhydrous ammonia, ~80 kJ/mol for aqueous. The catalyst Figure 3 Green ammonia and low carbon fertilizer production in 2050. The breakdown of these costs for each process in each decade from 2020 to 2050 is shown in Figure 8. Also considering high transportation costs, the break-even point for green ammonia production is shifted to 0.055 $/kWh. First, the estimates suggest that the cost of CO2-free ammonia arriving in Japan is likely to be around $350 per tonne-NH3. This is shown in the figure immediately above, where the estimated cost of CO2-free ammonia produced from renewable hydrogen in Australia and exported to Japan is estimated to be about $4.40 per kg-H2 (equivalent to about $700 per tonne-NH3, just about double the cost of CO2-free ammonia produced with CCS). The catalyst How to reduce ammonia production cost with improved ammonia synthesis catalyst? A full list of members can be found in the Member Directory. [2] Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions in Ammonia Production 2008-09 Summary Report, International Fertilizer Industry Association, September 2009. More specifically, in the left-hand panel, the cost of importing ammonia from the Middle East to Japan in the form of CO2-free ammonia, produced from natural gas with subsequent CCS, is estimated at about $2.30 per kg-H2 (about $360 per tonne-NH3). Modern H-B plants produce ammonia at an energy cost of at least 8 MWh tonne −1. To estimate total production cost, the fixed cost of the plant (plant capital, labor, etc. If the cost of natural gas is $3.00 per MMBtu, for example, the variable production cost of ammonia from this feedstock would be about $90 per tonne-NH3. The results showed that the lowest cost ammonia source is coal with a production cost of 147-432 $/t, or a gasoline equivalent of 0.96-2.83 $/gal. Each process technology has a different cost composition. The breakdown of these costs for each process in each decade from 2020 to 2050 is shown in Figure 8. That means that the running costs of your plant are very high. The IEEJ analysis took this into account in its estimation of the cost of CO2-free ammonia produced in the US. (co-injection with N2) • This co-product value can reduce production cost for eventual fuel use. NH3) is one of the most produced synthetic chemicals, manufactured in more than 80 countries. This statistic depicts the ammonia production in the United States from 2014 to 2019. For ease of reference, the table below shows the cost per tonne of ammonia that corresponds with the government’s 2030 and 2050 hydrogen cost targets. China Ammonia Production Cost, Ammonia Production Cost from China Supplier - Find Variety Ammonia Production Cost from pulverizer machine cost ,car elevator cost ,shipping cost china to turkey, Freight Agents Suppliers Located in China, Buy Ammonia Production Cost Made in China on Alibaba.com [4] The ammonia production cost of this method can be estimated by the chemical reaction formula of ammonia synthesis (1/2N2 + 3/2H2 → NH3) and energy efficiency of hydrogen production by electrolysis. In both cases, very large gas carrier (VLGC) vessels are used with approximate capacity of 80,000 m3. 1��JRfte�?�����hQOL�$��w~g���k�￬��K���������/#TS�AfMm�7�}��1����ybL�#��%UU�gA٠�P�`�����Z�����4@�(�u�q=��Iv��A��egF/� IS��H���p��]�� �������HϢ�+��]�?TSC�6��/Q$�+յ�? Ammonia is being used as a refrigerant owing to several benefits such as high efficiency, environmentally-friendly, smaller pipe size, better heat transfer properties, and cost. After 2030, however, the IEA expects that the cost of producing ammonia from renewable hydrogen will eventually fall to less than half its 2030 level[6], as the cost of renewable electricity decreases further and related technologies advance. Other uses for ammonia include as a refrigerant, a cleaning and bleaching agent, and a household cleaner. Specifically, the variable cost of ammonia ($ per tonne-NH3) can be approximated by simply multiplying the cost of natural gas ($ per MMBtu) by 30. 200 atmospheres is a compromise pressure chosen on economic grounds. Ammonia is used in the production of hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) for nylon, acrylonitrile (ACN) for fibres and plastics, caprolactam for nylon, isocyanates for polyurethanes, and hydrazine. • Ammonia can play a dual role as both a life sustaining commodity, as well as an efficient energy carrier and fuel. ), which varies with location and age of the plant’s facilities (and often other factors), must be added to the variable cost. All Rights Reserved. Although fundamental ammonia-manufacturing technologies have not radically changed in the last ten to fifteen years, numerous technological changes and improvements have taken place in processing technologies, aiming for increased energy efficiencies and, of late, for higher capital productivity and improved competitive profit margins from lower operating costs. If not the fertilizer producer has an economic incentive to sell the ammonia instead of producing urea. According to these analyses, the cheapest CO2-free ammonia would be the one produced in the Middle East. The compromise. If ammonia is to be introduced into the energy system as a CO2-free fuel, its cost must be at least competitive with that of other CO2-free fuels such as CO2-free hydrogen. If the pressure used is too high, the cost of generating it exceeds the price you can get for the extra ammonia produced. • [1] Decided by Relevant Ministers Council on Renewable Energies and Hydrogen Energy of the Japanese government in December 2017. With an increasing focus on energy consumption systems, ammonia refrigeration … Globally, ammonia production plants made 157.3 million metric tons (t) of the compound in 2010, according to the Institute for Industrial Productivity’s Industrial Efficiency Technology Database. Production Cost Report ammonia-e11a,ammonia-e21a,ammonia-e22a,ammonia-e31c,ammonia-e41a xxx Ammonia Ammonia NH3 Ammonia (a.k.a. This cost was estimated at $40-80 per tonne-NH3 by the IEEJ study. Companies involved in Ammonia production, a key sourcing item for solar cell manufacturers. Since typical large scale shipping of ammonia is in the region of $50/t, ammonia delivered from a US facility would be in the region of $400/t. Contents 1. Cost of CO2-Free Ammonia Arriving in Japan. CO2-Free Ammonia Production Cost as Estimated by the IEEJ. On top of the cost of a conventional H-B plant, the capital cost also includes the water electrolysis equipment, which is currently of the order of USD 1M per MW of capacity. Weak demand from downstream fertilizers (phosphates) and industrial ammonia users is … by University of Tokyo. He has played a unique role in building the case for ammonia as a hydrogen carrier, serving from 2014 to 2018 as Deputy Program Director of Japan’s SIP “Energy Carriers” initiative. Table 2. Labour and other costs were the second most important component of the production costs in the industries of these two products. Logistics costs vary depending on the point of origin, the size of the ship, and the number of times the product is loaded and unloaded. Editor’s note: Bunro Shiozawa is a Senior Associate at Sumitomo Chemical Company. EOR technologies exist for complete CO2 sequestration at low incremental cost. What is important is to assess the social implementation potential of CO2-free ammonia from this cost level of roughly $350 per tonne-NH3 derived from these analyses. Ammonia-coal co-firing has also already been demonstrated, first by Chugoku Electric in July 2017 at its 156-MW Mizushima Thermal Power Station … Ammonia, one of the key ingredients in fertilisers, is made on a huge scale by the only reaction that can reliably break the strong dinitrogen bond: the Haber–Bosch process. %/E�բ&(�\� -A+�&�s؀�؍}8��sq7^���-x+ލ��W�k�-�(>���?��B߸��&x&:r�ǥ�jtz�-B���D�>�z�qvM�;���ek��?��Ȃ���#g��5�bn��E�ŌG>8+��F�Ãr3R���W!�c<4�9WI�#�$�]� ^���G��;K���y�.ݨ�{��ߕ��Uh5Z�֊��pn9|/��BH�R>�j��u�W6�-h+�o�B��1�m�c;��h'څvK��Ę]pf��؃.���]$2&i�>t1�Z�2t9��kCW����Jt��w�5_ɯ�������nD7�����_܊n;+��b�-�t'�r�&��Sd���'�(z=�u��F5���L�!�����ƕ��oۨ��@�I��K5����b��G�r����v ��>K�B(� �$�,v�V�.���q��Uvv�W���0�o�U��Nٝ"�hڻ���ѽ�����Is�}�~��C�!8��xF�#�a���P? (1) If natural gas is used as a feedstock and the CO2 emitted from the production process is removed by CCS, the production cost of CO2-free ammonia is about $300 per tonne-NH3 (assuming a natural gas price of $3.00 per MMBtu; this is the solid blue line in the graph.) The cost of producing CO2-free ammonia from renewable hydrogen is determined by the cost of the renewable hydrogen feedstock, which is largely dependent on the cost of the renewable electricity used to produce the renewable hydrogen through water electrolysis[4]. • Renewable ammonia production will directly benefit from electrolysis technology and cost improvements in development. /analysis/ammonia-production-cost. Using KM 111 in conjunction with our industry-leading catalyst KM1 increases the profitability of ammonia production through record high production levels … This analysis makes clear that the availability of EOR can meaningfully influence the economics of CO2-free ammonia from natural gas. 9 0 obj 17 Ammonia manufacturers are listed below. This cost level corresponds to about 22 yen per Nm3-H2, as can be seen from the table at the beginning of the article, which almost meets the 2050 cost target for hydrogen set by the “Basic Hydrogen Strategy.”. Spe- The large quantities of ammonia produced globally in this way (more than 235 million tonnes, which ie. If the cost of natural gas is $3.00 per MMBtu, for example, the variable production cost of ammonia … CO2-Free Ammonia Production Cost as Estimated by the IEA. /Filter /FlateDecode If the cost of natural gas is $3.00 per MMBtu, for example, the variable production cost of ammonia from this feedstock would be about $90 per tonne-NH 3. Production of ammonia was first commercialized by Haber and Bosch more than 100 years ago, and since then various improvements have been made to establish it as an industrial process. At this ammonia production cost, a rough estimate for the cost of hydrogen available in the ammonia (assuming a cracking efficiency of about 75%) is ~$3.00/kg (gge). 11 Recognizing that the lower heating value (LHV) of ammonia is 5.2 MWh tonne −1, this represents an energy efficiency of only 65%. By Robert F. Service Jul. A typical value for fixed cost would be $100-120 per tonne-NH3. The economic comparison shows a breakeven point for a current medium-scale ammonia plant to be five years with a production cost of $600/ton, where the patented process plant can break even in less than two years and has a relative production cost of $232/ton. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today. It was found in the environmental comparison that the patented process, if scaled globally, would address and eliminate 7% of the total CO Summary 2 - Objective of Ammonia Introduction as Fuel - Our Definition of Low Carbon Ammonia in This Study - Cost Estimation of Ammonia Production and Supply to Japan - Cost Estimation of Power Generation by NH3-Coal Co-Firing and NH 3 Firing - Gas Price as Feedstock and Utility in Ammonia Production Construction of a new ammonia production plant with an annual capacity of 1.1 million tonnes in either Saudi Arabia, another Middle Eastern country, or North America; Natural gas feedstock priced at $3.00 per MMBtu; Realization of a 10% equity internal rate of return (EIRR) as supplier profit[5]. As part of the Ammonia Economy, costs for production, storage, and transportation of this alternative fuel are also presented. Each process technology has a different cost composition. Estimation of the Production Cost of CO2-Free Ammonia. Ammonia Manufacturers. Ammonia is being used as a refrigerant owing to several benefits such as high efficiency, environmentally-friendly, smaller pipe size, better heat transfer properties, and cost. The ammonia production rate is a record for electrochemical production, however the energy efficiency is still only 1.4–2.8%, so it cannot yet compete with the energy efficiency of the Haber-Bosch process, which is around 50–80%. Over the last year he published in the on-line journal of the International Environment and Economy Institute a ten-part series of articles that describe and reflect on the work done by him and his colleagues, and its impacts in Japan and beyond. A study by the International Fertilizer Industry Association in 2008 on energy efficiency of 93 ammonia plants in 33 countries[2] found that the top decile of energy efficient plants using natural gas as a feedstock achieves an efficiency of 32 GJ per tonne-NH3. x��}x\���̽w{�M۴�]I+iջ���,˲$˖l˖܍{7nL5:��b�)�lcSL�!H#�K�L ���̝;*�(���y��{����睹s�Μ�9sf�]a���E����7� �7���kz��znΟ�倔�[7�n=�*B\B��e뗯���f-B�]���W���{��N#d�Bu�W,�]��K�o#4Ҡ��{X��5NY�f����g ��yw��Ž?~Ү���r�������y�����Y�ty!�w�r~�ƥ�W=� C�b�ވx!��E2�����>*�WХR"� �8N�9�mč$�C#��jnP5r4��)�\$���L�'w��Լx� � 2��:��Q��8*D��MC3���G�=�.�p���IF)p]�F�h*jD�Q�E����)G��o�{�����(H��p�*�s>Z6�������w��O��s��&dFN��"( Future of ammonia production. Ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. Premise of Study 3. In reality, the US industry emits an average of 2.1 tons CO2 per ton ammonia and so, with a $100/ton carbon tax, cheap ammonia made from cheap natural gas would carry an additional carbon premium of around $210 per ton. NH3) is one of the most produced synthetic chemicals, manufactured in more than 80 countries. Ammonia production has increased steadily since 1946 (Figure 2), and it is estimated that the annual production of ammonia is worth more than $100 billion, with some plants producing more than 3,000 m.t./day of NH3. It efficiently converts 90 percent of raw material to ammonia in … The cost of hydrogen, which is the main feedstock for ammonia production, was first determined for both fossil-fuel and It is also used in metal treating operations. The SWAP process in action. A completely independent cost analysis for CO2-free ammonia was conducted under the auspices of the SIP “Energy Carriers” initiative by the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ). The value of the red-framed bars in the left-hand panel, which correspond to the cost of CO2-free ammonia from the Middle East to Japan, is almost in line with the results estimated by the IEEJ above. 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The capital and production costs associated with ammonia manufacture editor ’ s English translation of his ’. Ammonia and low carbon fertilizer production in 2050 technology has resulted in process. Members can be used to offset production cost for eventual fuel use an alternative fuel energy. Kta ( kilometric tons per annun ) United States-based plant ( VLGC ) vessels are used with approximate of! Annun ) United States-based plant | Q4 2019 | 108 pages from $.... Uses for ammonia include as a refrigerant, a green ammonia pilot plant began operations in Fukushima April... Most important component of the most important industries in the United States is one of the most synthetic. Uses for ammonia include as a refrigerant, a key sourcing item for solar cell manufacturers with ammonia! Particular has almost reached the theoretical limit with efficiencies of 28-29 GJ tonne-NH3! Statistic depicts the ammonia Economy, costs for each process in each decade from 2020 to 2050 shown... 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